% Generated public bibliography: current manuscript references plus nonduplicate catalog-only additions.

@misc{decart2024oasis,
  author = {{Decart} and {Etched}},
  title = {{Oasis}: A Universe in a Transformer},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Official technical report and demonstration},
  url = {https://oasis-model.github.io/}
}

@misc{adaeden2026nights,
  author = {{Ada Eden}},
  title = {{Book of Infinity: 1001 Nights}: Demo and {AI} Content Disclosure},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Official game store page},
  url = {https://store.steampowered.com/app/2542850/1001_Nights/},
  note = {Accessed 7 September 2026}
}

@inproceedings{wang2024omnijarvis,
  author = {Zihao Wang and Shaofei Cai and Zhancun Mu and Haowei Lin and Ceyao Zhang and Xuejie Liu and Qing Li and Anji Liu and Xiaojian Ma and Yitao Liang},
  title = {{OmniJARVIS}: Unified Vision-Language-Action Tokenization Enables Open-World Instruction Following Agents},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {37},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.52202/079017-2331},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/85f1225db986e629289f402c46eff1a4-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@inproceedings{li2024optimus,
  author = {Zaijing Li and Yuquan Xie and Rui Shao and Gongwei Chen and Dongmei Jiang and Liqiang Nie},
  title = {{Optimus-1}: Hybrid Multimodal Memory Empowered Agents Excel in Long-Horizon Tasks},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {37},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.52202/079017-1580},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/5949a8750a110ce1f0631b1776c500a2-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@article{schrum2025mariodiffusion,
  author = {Jacob Schrum and Olivia Kilday and Emilio Salas and Bess Hagan and Reid Williams},
  title = {Text-to-Level Diffusion Models with Various Text Encoders for {Super Mario Bros}},
  journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {110--120},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1609/aiide.v21i1.36815},
  url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIIDE/article/view/36815}
}

@inproceedings{whitehead2025conversational,
  author = {Jim Whitehead and Thomas Wessel and Blythe Chen and Raven Cruz-James and Luc Harnist and William Klunder and Justin Lam and Ethan Lin and Roman Luo and Hung Nguyen and Naitik Poddar and Shiva Ravinutula and Alejandro Montoreano and Logan Shehane and Yazmyn Sims and Jarod Spangler and Michelle Tan and Zosia Trela},
  title = {Conversational Interactions with Procedural Generators using Large Language Models},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games},
  pages = {1--7},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1145/3723498.3723788},
  url = {https://www.pcgworkshop.com/archive/whitehead2025conversational.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{zhang2026rpgagent,
  author = {Shunan Zhang and Yi Xiao and Ruoxuan Ma and Chi-sing Leung},
  title = {{RPGAgent}: Driving Coherent Story-to-Play Generation with an {LLM}-Based Multi-Agent System},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  pages = {1--22},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3772318.3790326},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790326}
}

@article{chen2026h3world,
  author = {Danze Chen and Zeqing Wang and Ziyue Lin and Xingyi Yang and Yeying Jin},
  title = {{H3-World}: Turning Language Understanding into World Control},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2609.01560},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2609.01560},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01560v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@misc{openai2026playbot,
  author = {{OpenAI}},
  title = {{Playco} Cut Manual Fixes 50\% Prototyping Games with {GPT-6 Astra}},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  howpublished = {OpenAI customer case study},
  url = {https://openai.com/index/playco-game-prototyping-with-astra/}
}

@misc{singh2026robloxcube,
  author = {Anupam Singh},
  title = {Accelerating Creation, Powered by {Roblox}'s {Cube} Foundation Model},
  year = {2026},
  month = feb,
  howpublished = {Roblox Engineering},
  url = {https://about.roblox.com/newsroom/2026/02/accelerating-creation-powered-roblox-cube-foundation-model}
}

@inproceedings{earle2024dreamcraft,
  author = {Sam Earle and Filippos Kokkinos and Yuhe Nie and Julian Togelius and Roberta Raileanu},
  title = {{DreamCraft}: Text-Guided Generation of Functional {3D} Environments in {Minecraft}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games},
  pages = {1--15},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1145/3649921.3649943},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.15538}
}

@inproceedings{todd2024gavel,
  author = {Graham Todd and Alexander G. Padula and Matthew Stephenson and {\'{E}}ric Piette and Dennis J. N. J. Soemers and Julian Togelius},
  title = {{GAVEL}: Generating Games via Evolution and Language Models},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {37},
  pages = {110723--110745},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.52202/079017-3515},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/c7b04e4e13bb77996d3ae2ff667231ac-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@inproceedings{nasir2025mortar,
  author = {Muhammad U. Nasir and Yuchen Li and Steven James and Julian Togelius},
  title = {{Mortar}: Evolving Mechanics for Automatic Game Design},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference},
  pages = {310--318},
  publisher = {ACM},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3795095.3805100},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805100}
}

@misc{barth2023ghostwriter,
  author = {Roxane Barth},
  title = {The Convergence of {AI} and Creativity: Introducing {Ghostwriter}},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  howpublished = {Ubisoft News},
  url = {https://news.ubisoft.com/en-gb/article/7Cm07zbBGy4Xml6WgYi25d/the-convergence-of-ai-and-creativity-introducing-ghostwriter}
}

@misc{unity2026aitools,
  author = {{Unity Technologies}},
  title = {{Unity}'s {AI} Tools in Beta: What's Included and How to Get Started},
  year = {2026},
  month = may,
  howpublished = {Unity Blog},
  url = {https://unity.com/blog/unity-ai-how-to-get-started}
}

@misc{chi2026gamedevbenchresults,
  author = {{GameDevBench Team}},
  title = {{GameDevBench}: Official Repository and Results},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Official project repository},
  url = {https://github.com/waynchi/gamedevbench/blob/3a80dfdfd01209485185909cb88ac1687dff925e/results/leaderboard.csv},
  note = {Official leaderboard, commit 3a80dfd. Accessed 7 September 2026}
}

@inproceedings{hsu2026ifcargo,
  author = {Ting-Chen Hsu and Lianye Zhang and Jiangxu Lin and Zhaoyi Yu and Fei Qin and Zihao Chen},
  title = {{IF:CARGO}: {LLM}-Based Semantic Compilation for {AI}-Native Rule Programming Games},
  booktitle = {AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.12195},
  note = {Accepted; arXiv:2608.12195}
}

@article{hafner2025dreamerv3,
  author = {Danijar Hafner and Jurgis Pasukonis and Jimmy Ba and Timothy Lillicrap},
  title = {Mastering Diverse Control Tasks through World Models},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {640},
  pages = {647--653},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-08744-2},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08744-2}
}

@inproceedings{sridhar2025regent,
  author = {Kaustubh Sridhar and Souradeep Dutta and Dinesh Jayaraman and Insup Lee},
  title = {{REGENT}: A Retrieval-Augmented Generalist Agent That Can Act In-Context in New Environments},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=dKfzQ8eL89}
}

@inproceedings{tang2024maia2,
  author = {Zhenwei Tang and Difan Jiao and Reid McIlroy-Young and Jon Kleinberg and Siddhartha Sen and Ashton Anderson},
  title = {{Maia-2}: A Unified Model for Human-{AI} Alignment in Chess},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {37},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.52202/079017-0659},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/250190819ff1dda47cd23cecc0c5a69b-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@inproceedings{monroe2026chessformer,
  author = {Daniel Monroe and George Eilender and Philip Chalmers and Zhenwei Tang and Ashton Anderson},
  title = {Chessformer: A Unified Architecture for Chess Modeling},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://proceedings.iclr.cc/paper_files/paper/2026/hash/3d167db04a90885ad5208fe8b273668b-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@misc{ubisoft2025teammates,
  author = {O'Connor, Daniel},
  title = {Ubisoft Reveals {Teammates}---An {AI} Experiment to Change the Game},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Ubisoft News},
  url = {https://news.ubisoft.com/en-us/article/3mWlITIuWuu0MoVuR6o8ps/ubisoft-reveals-teammates-an-ai-experiment-to-change-the-game},
  note = {November 21, 2025}
}

@misc{krafton2026allyduo,
  author = {{KRAFTON}},
  title = {{PUBG: BATTLEGROUNDS} Patch Notes---Update 42.1},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Official patch notes},
  url = {https://www.pubg.com/en/news/10179},
  note = {June 16, 2026}
}

@misc{nvidia2026pubgally,
  author = {Singh, Phillip},
  title = {{Q\&A}: How {KRAFTON} Built {PUBG Ally}, a Co-Playable Character Powered by {NVIDIA ACE}},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {NVIDIA Technical Blog},
  url = {https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/how-krafton-built-pubg-ally-a-co-playable-character-powered-by-nvidia-ace/},
  note = {June 25, 2026}
}

@inproceedings{zheng2019wuji,
  author = {Zheng, Yan and Xie, Xiaofei and Su, Ting and Ma, Lei and Hao, Jianye and Meng, Zhaopeng and Liu, Yang and Shen, Ruimin and Chen, Yingfeng and Fan, Changjie},
  title = {{Wuji}: Automatic Online Combat Game Testing Using Evolutionary Deep Reinforcement Learning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering},
  pages = {772--784},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1109/ASE.2019.00077},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ASE.2019.00077}
}

@inproceedings{gillberg2023productiontesting,
  author = {Gillberg, Jonas and Bergdahl, Joakim and Sestini, Alessandro and Eakins, Andrew and Gissl{\'e}n, Linus},
  title = {Technical Challenges of Deploying Reinforcement Learning Agents for Game Testing in {AAA} Games},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Games},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1109/CoG57401.2023.10333194},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11105}
}

@inproceedings{taesiri2025videogameqa,
  author = {Taesiri, Mohammad Reza and Ghildyal, Abhijay and Zadtootaghaj, Saman and Barman, Nabajeet and Bezemer, Cor-Paul},
  title = {{VideoGameQA-Bench}: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Video Game Quality Assurance},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Datasets and Benchmarks Track},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.15952}
}

@article{collins2025gameevaluations,
  author = {Collins, Katherine M. and Zhang, Cedegao E. and Todd, Graham and Ying, Lance and Barba da Costa, Mauricio and Liu, Ryan and Sharma, Prafull and Weller, Adrian and Kuperwajs, Ionatan and Wong, Lionel and Tenenbaum, Joshua B. and Griffiths, Thomas L.},
  title = {Evaluating Language Models' Evaluations of Games},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.10930},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10930v3}
}

@inproceedings{cheng2025animegamer,
  author = {Cheng, Junhao and Ge, Yuying and Ge, Yixiao and Liao, Jing and Shan, Ying},
  title = {{AnimeGamer}: Infinite Anime Life Simulation with Next Game State Prediction},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01014}
}

@article{gallotta2024,
  author = {Roberto Gallotta and Graham Todd and Marvin Zammit and Sam Earle and Antonios Liapis and Julian Togelius and Georgios N. Yannakakis},
  title = {Large Language Models and Games: A Survey and Roadmap},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Games},
  pages = {1--18},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1109/TG.2024.3461510},
  eprint = {2402.18659},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.18659}
}

@inproceedings{maleki2024pcg,
  author = {Mahdi Farrokhi Maleki and Richard Zhao},
  title = {Procedural Content Generation in Games: A Survey with Insights on Emerging {LLM} Integration},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twentieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  pages = {167--178},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1609/aiide.v20i1.31877}
}

@article{feng2024socialagents,
  author = {Xiachong Feng and Longxu Dou and Ella Li and Qinghao Wang and Haochuan Wang and Yu Guo and Chang Ma and Lingpeng Kong},
  title = {A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Social Agents in Game-Theoretic Scenarios},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=CsoSWpR5xC}
}

@inproceedings{ternar2025gamedev,
  author = {Dan-Alexandru Ternar and Alena Denisova and Jo{\~a}o M. Cunha and Annakaisa Kultima and Christian Guckelsberger},
  title = {Generative {AI} in Game Development: A Qualitative Research Synthesis},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  pages = {1--24},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3772318.3791206}
}

@book{yannakakis2025book,
  author = {Georgios N. Yannakakis and Julian Togelius},
  title = {Artificial Intelligence and Games},
  publisher = {Springer},
  edition = {2nd},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-83347-2}
}

@inproceedings{sweetser2024llmgames,
  author = {Penny Sweetser},
  title = {Large Language Models and Video Games: A Preliminary Scoping Review},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces},
  pages = {1--8},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1145/3640794.3665582}
}

@article{bakkes2012playermodeling,
  author = {Sander C. J. Bakkes and Pieter H. M. Spronck and Giel van Lankveld},
  title = {Player Behavioural Modelling for Video Games},
  journal = {Entertainment Computing},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {71--79},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.1016/j.entcom.2011.12.001}
}

@inproceedings{politowski2022testing,
  author = {Cristiano Politowski and Yann-Ga{\"e}l Gu{\'e}h{\'e}neuc and Fabio Petrillo},
  title = {Towards Automated Video Game Testing: Still a Long Way to Go},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Games and Software Engineering},
  pages = {37--43},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.1145/3524494.3527627}
}

@article{hu2024gameagents,
  author = {Sihao Hu and Tiansheng Huang and Gaowen Liu and others},
  title = {A Survey on Large Language Model-Based Game Agents},
  journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2404.02039},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.02039},
  note = {First posted in 2024; revised 2026}
}

@article{xu2024gameplaying,
  author = {Xinrun Xu and Yuxin Wang and Chaoyi Xu and Ziluo Ding and Jiechuan Jiang and Zhiming Ding and B{\"o}rje F. Karlsson},
  title = {A Survey on Game Playing Agents and Large Models: Methods, Applications, and Challenges},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.10249},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.10249}
}

@article{vinyals2019alphastar,
  author = {Oriol Vinyals and Igor Babuschkin and Wojciech M. Czarnecki and others},
  title = {Grandmaster Level in {StarCraft II} Using Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {575},
  pages = {350--354},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1724-z},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1724-z}
}

@article{berner2019dota,
  author = {Christopher Berner and Greg Brockman and Brooke Chan and others},
  title = {{Dota 2} with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.06680},
  year = {2019},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06680}
}

@inproceedings{baker2022vpt,
  author = {Bowen Baker and Ilge Akkaya and Peter Zhokhov and others},
  title = {Video {PreTraining} ({VPT}): Learning to Act by Watching Unlabeled Online Videos},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.11795}
}

@article{reed2022gato,
  author = {Scott Reed and Konrad Zolna and Emilio Parisotto and others},
  title = {A Generalist Agent},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  year = {2022},
  eprint = {2205.06175},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.06175}
}

@inproceedings{lee2022multigamedt,
  author = {Kuang-Huei Lee and Ofir Nachum and Mengjiao Yang and Lisa Lee and Daniel Freeman and Winnie Xu and Sergio Guadarrama and Ian Fischer and Eric Jang and Henryk Michalewski and Igor Mordatch},
  title = {Multi-Game Decision Transformers},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {35},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.15241}
}

@inproceedings{cobbe2020procgen,
  author = {Karl Cobbe and Chris Hesse and Jacob Hilton and John Schulman},
  title = {Leveraging Procedural Generation to Benchmark Reinforcement Learning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning},
  series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {119},
  pages = {2048--2056},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/cobbe20a.html}
}

@inproceedings{fan2022minedojo,
  author = {Linxi Fan and Guanzhi Wang and Yunfan Jiang and others},
  title = {{MineDojo}: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledge},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.08853}
}

@inproceedings{wang2023deps,
  author = {Zihao Wang and Shaofei Cai and Guanzhou Chen and Anji Liu and Xiaojian Ma and Yitao Liang},
  title = {Describe, Explain, Plan and Select: Interactive Planning with Large Language Models Enables Open-World Multi-Task Agents},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.01560}
}

@article{yuan2023plan4mc,
  author = {Haoqi Yuan and Chi Zhang and Hongcheng Wang and Feiyang Xie and Penglin Cai and Hao Dong and Zongqing Lu},
  title = {Skill Reinforcement Learning and Planning for Open-World Long-Horizon Tasks},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.16563},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.16563}
}

@article{wang2023voyager,
  author = {Guanzhi Wang and Yuqi Xie and Yunfan Jiang and others},
  title = {Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.16291},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291}
}

@article{wang2023jarvis1,
  author = {Zihao Wang and Shaofei Cai and Anji Liu and others},
  title = {{JARVIS-1}: Open-World Multi-Task Agents with Memory-Augmented Multimodal Language Models},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  volume = {47},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1894--1907},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1109/TPAMI.2024.3511593},
  eprint = {2311.05997},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.05997}
}

@article{shao2024swarmbrain,
  author = {Xiao Shao and Weifu Jiang and Fei Zuo and Mengqing Liu},
  title = {{SwarmBrain}: Embodied Agent for Real-Time Strategy Game {StarCraft II} via Large Language Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.17749},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.17749}
}

@article{zhang2026generalist,
  author = {Kuan Zhang and Dongchen Liu and Qiyue Zhao and Tianyu Xin and Yue Su and Haisheng Wang and Han Yin and Hongbo Ma and Peize Li and Tianjun Gu and Xiangnan Wu and Xinran Zhang and Yongxuan Li and Zirong Chen and Yiming Li},
  title = {Towards Generalist Game Players: An Investigation of Foundation Models in the Game Multiverse},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.09965},
  year = {2026},
  month = {may},
  eprint = {2605.09965},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.CV},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09965}
}

@article{xu2026ainative,
  author = {Zhiyue Xu and Fandi Meng and Kaijie Xu and Clark Verbrugge and Simon Lucas and Jian Zhao},
  title = {{AI}-Native Games: A Survey and Roadmap},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.00527},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.00527}
}

@article{liu2026interactivewm,
  author = {Jiuming Liu and Chaojun Ni and Mengmeng Liu and others},
  title = {Towards Interactive Video World Modeling: Frontiers, Challenges, Benchmarks, and Future Trends},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.01164},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.01164}
}

@article{li2026pixelstates,
  author = {Zhen Li and Zian Meng and Shuwei Shi and Mingliang Zhai and Jiaming Tan and Chuanhao Li and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {From Pixels to States: Rethinking Interactive World Models as Game Engines},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.14076},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14076v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@inproceedings{bruce2024genie,
  author = {Jake Bruce and Michael D. Dennis and Ashley Edwards and others},
  title = {Genie: Generative Interactive Environments},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning},
  series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {235},
  pages = {4603--4623},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2402.15391},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v235/bruce24a.html}
}

@inproceedings{valevski2024gamengen,
  author = {Dani Valevski and Yaniv Leviathan and Moab Arar and Shlomi Fruchter},
  title = {Diffusion Models Are Real-Time Game Engines},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2408.14837},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.14837}
}

@article{guo2025mineworld,
  author = {Junliang Guo and Yang Ye and Tianyu He and others},
  title = {{MineWorld}: A Real-Time and Open-Source Interactive World Model on {Minecraft}},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.08388},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08388}
}

@article{zhang2025matrixgame,
  author = {Yifan Zhang and Chunli Peng and Boyang Wang and others},
  title = {{Matrix-Game}: Interactive World Foundation Model},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.18701},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.18701}
}

@article{he2025matrixgame2,
  author = {Xianglong He and Chunli Peng and Zexiang Liu and others},
  title = {{Matrix-Game 2.0}: An Open-Source Real-Time and Streaming Interactive World Model},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.13009},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.13009}
}

@article{wang2026matrixgame3,
  author = {Zile Wang and Zexiang Liu and Jiaxing Li and others},
  title = {{Matrix-Game 3.0}: Real-Time and Streaming Interactive World Model with Long-Horizon Memory},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.08995},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.08995}
}

@article{xiao2025worldmem,
  author = {Zeqi Xiao and Yushi Lan and Yifan Zhou and others},
  title = {{WorldMem}: Long-Term Consistent World Simulation with Memory},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.12369},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12369}
}

@article{hafner2025dreamer4,
  author = {Danijar Hafner and Wilson Yan and Timothy Lillicrap},
  title = {Training Agents Inside of Scalable World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.24527},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24527}
}

@article{savva2026solaris,
  author = {Georgy Savva and Oscar Michel and Daohan Lu and others},
  title = {{Solaris}: Building a Multiplayer Video World Model in {Minecraft}},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.22208},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22208}
}

@article{nam2026worldcam,
  author = {Jisu Nam and Yicong Hong and Chun-Hao Paul Huang and others},
  title = {{WorldCam}: Interactive Autoregressive {3D} Gaming Worlds with Camera Pose as a Unifying Geometric Representation},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.16871},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16871}
}

@article{forgewm2026,
  author = {Xinye Li and Lingshuai Lin and Lei Wang and others},
  title = {{ForgeWM}: Progressive Causal Training for Few-Step Action-Conditioned Video World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.14022},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.14022}
}

@article{zhao2026minwm,
  author = {Min Zhao and Hongzhou Zhu and Bokai Yan and others},
  title = {{minWM}: A Full-Stack Open-Source Framework for Real-Time Interactive Video World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.30263},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30263}
}

@inproceedings{garcin2026persist,
  author = {Samuel Garcin and Thomas Walker and Steven McDonagh and Tim Pearce and Hakan Bilen and Tianyu He and Kaixin Wang and Jiang Bian},
  title = {Beyond Pixel Histories: World Models with Persistent {3D} State},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.03482},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03482}
}

@article{hu2026multiplayerwm,
  author = {Anthony Hu and V{\'a}clav Volhejn and Adrien Ramanana Rahary and others},
  title = {Multiplayer Interactive World Models with Representation Autoencoders},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.05352},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.05352}
}

@article{shen2026badworld,
  author = {Linghui Shen and Mingyue Cui and Xingyi Yang},
  title = {{BadWorld}: Adversarial Attacks on World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.16519},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.16519}
}

@article{ding2026playworld,
  author = {Kaixin Ding and Xi Chen and Minghong Cai and others},
  title = {{PlayWorld}: Benchmarking World Models with Agent Players over Long-Horizon Objectives},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.13552},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.13552v2},
  note = {Version 2; Tables 2--3}
}

@article{kanervisto2025wham,
  author = {Anssi Kanervisto and Dave Bignell and Linda Yilin Wen and others},
  title = {World and Human Action Models towards Gameplay Ideation},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {638},
  pages = {656--663},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-08600-3},
  url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08600-3}
}

@inproceedings{chen2025combatvla,
  author = {Peng Chen and Pi Bu and Yingyao Wang and others},
  title = {{CombatVLA}: An Efficient Vision-Language-Action Model for Combat Tasks in {3D} Action Role-Playing Games},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2503.09527},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.09527}
}

@inproceedings{jarvisvla2025,
  author = {Muyao Li and Zihao Wang and Kaichen He and Xiaojian Ma and Yitao Liang},
  title = {{JARVIS-VLA}: Post-Training Large-Scale Vision Language Models to Play Visual Games with Keyboards and Mouse},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025},
  pages = {17878--17899},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.920},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.920/}
}

@article{wang2025gametars,
  author = {Zihao Wang and Xujing Li and Yining Ye and others},
  title = {{Game-TARS}: Pretrained Foundation Models for Scalable Generalist Multimodal Game Agents},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.23691},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.23691}
}

@inproceedings{magne2026nitrogen,
  author = {Lo{\"i}c Magne and Anas Awadalla and Guanzhi Wang and Yinzhen Xu and Joshua Belofsky and Fengyuan Hu and Joohwan Kim and Ludwig Schmidt and Georgia Gkioxari and Jan Kautz and Yisong Yue and Yejin Choi and Yuke Zhu and Linxi Fan},
  title = {{NitroGen}: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Gaming Agents},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
  pages = {21511--21521},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2601.02427},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.02427}
}

@article{sima22025,
  author = {{SIMA Team} and Adrian Bolton and Alexander Lerchner and others},
  title = {{SIMA 2}: A Generalist Embodied Agent for Virtual Worlds},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.04797},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.04797}
}

@inproceedings{yan2026proact,
  author = {Weicai Yan and Yuhong Dai and Qi Ran and Haodong Li and Wang Lin and Tao Jin and Xing Xie and Hao Liao and Jianxun Lian},
  title = {{Proact-VL}: A Proactive {VideoLLM} for Real-Time {AI} Companions},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.03447},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03447}
}

@article{li2026emembench,
  author = {Xinze Li and Ziyue Zhu and Siyuan Liu and others},
  title = {{EMemBench}: Interactive Benchmarking of Episodic Memory for {VLM} Agents},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.16690},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16690}
}

@inproceedings{zhang2026gameverse,
  author = {Kuan Zhang and Dongchen Liu and Qiyue Zhao and Jinkun Hou and Xinran Zhang and Qinlei Xie and Miao Liu and Yiming Li},
  title = {{GameVerse}: Can Vision-Language Models Learn from Video-Based Reflection?},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.06656},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.06656}
}

@inproceedings{paglieri2024balrog,
  author = {Davide Paglieri and Bart{\l}omiej Cupia{\l} and Samuel Coward and Ulyana Piterbarg and Maciej Wo{\l}czyk and Akbir Khan and Eduardo Pignatelli and {\L}ukasz Kuci{\'n}ski and Lerrel Pinto and Rob Fergus and Jakob Nicolaus Foerster and Jack Parker-Holder and Tim Rockt{\"a}schel},
  title = {{BALROG}: Benchmarking Agentic {LLM} and {VLM} Reasoning on Games},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2411.13543},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.13543}
}

@article{guertler2025textarena,
  author = {Leon Guertler and Bobby Cheng and Simon Yu and Bo Liu and Leshem Choshen and Cheston Tan},
  title = {{TextArena}},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.11442},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.11442}
}

@article{yang2025unigen,
  author = {Runxin Yang and Yuxuan Wan and Shuqing Li and Michael R. Lyu},
  title = {90\% Faster, 100\% Code-Free: {MLLM}-Driven Zero-Code {3D} Game Development},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.26161},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26161}
}

@inproceedings{hu2024gamegeneration,
  author = {Chengpeng Hu and Yunlong Zhao and Jialin Liu},
  title = {Game Generation via Large Language Models},
  booktitle = {2024 IEEE Conference on Games},
  pages = {1--4},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1109/CoG60054.2024.10645597},
  eprint = {2404.08706},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08706}
}

@inproceedings{liapis2013sketchbook,
  author = {Antonios Liapis and Georgios N. Yannakakis and Julian Togelius},
  title = {Sentient Sketchbook: Computer-Aided Game Level Authoring},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games},
  pages = {213--220},
  publisher = {Society for the Advancement of the Science of Digital Games},
  year = {2013},
  url = {https://www.antoniosliapis.com/papers/sentient_sketchbook.pdf}
}

@incollection{liapis2015personacritics,
  author = {Antonios Liapis and Christoffer Holmg{\aa}rd and Georgios N. Yannakakis and Julian Togelius},
  title = {Procedural Personas as Critics for Dungeon Generation},
  booktitle = {Applications of Evolutionary Computation},
  editor = {Antonio M. Mora and Giovanni Squillero},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {9028},
  pages = {331--343},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-16549-3_27},
  url = {https://www.antoniosliapis.com/papers/procedural_personas_as_critics_for_dungeon_generation.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lanzi2023llmco,
  author = {Pier Luca Lanzi and Daniele Loiacono},
  title = {{ChatGPT} and Other Large Language Models as Evolutionary Engines for Online Interactive Collaborative Game Design},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference},
  pages = {1383--1390},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1145/3583131.3590351},
  eprint = {2303.02155},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02155}
}

@inproceedings{kumaran2023scenecraft,
  author = {Vikram Kumaran and Jonathan Rowe and Bradford Mott and James Lester},
  title = {{SceneCraft}: Automating Interactive Narrative Scene Generation in Digital Games with Large Language Models},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {86--96},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1609/aiide.v19i1.27504}
}

@inproceedings{sun2023language,
  author = {Yuqian Sun and Zhouyi Li and Ke Fang and Chang Hee Lee and Ali Asadipour},
  title = {Language as Reality: A Co-Creative Storytelling Game Experience in {1001 Nights} Using Generative {AI}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  volume = {19},
  pages = {425--434},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1609/aiide.v19i1.27539},
  eprint = {2308.12915},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12915}
}

@inproceedings{chi2026gamedevbench,
  author = {Wayne Chi and Yixiong Fang and Arnav Yayavaram and Siddharth Yayavaram and Seth Karten and Qiuhong Anna Wei and Runkun Chen and Alexander Wang and Valerie Chen and Ameet Talwalkar and Chris Donahue},
  title = {{GameDevBench}: Evaluating Agentic Capabilities Through Game Development},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2602.11103},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11103}
}

@article{wang2025titan,
  author = {Chengjia Wang and Lanling Tang and Ming Yuan and Jiongchi Yu and Xiaofei Xie and Jiajun Bu},
  title = {Leveraging {LLM} Agents for Automated Video Game Testing},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.22170},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.22170}
}

@article{drake2025worldcrafting,
  author = {Austin Drake and Hang Dong},
  title = {Real-Time World Crafting: Generating Structured Game Behaviors from Natural Language with Large Language Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.16952},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16952},
  note = {Wordplay @ EMNLP 2025}
}

@article{figueiredo2025scaffolded,
  author = {Vanessa Figueiredo and David Elumeze},
  title = {Symbolically Scaffolded Play: Designing Role-Sensitive Prompts for Generative {NPC} Dialogue},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.25820},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.25820}
}

@article{rao2024collaborative,
  author = {Sudha Rao and Weijia Xu and Michael Xu and Jorge J. G. Leandro and Ken Lobb and Gabriel DesGarennes and Chris Brockett and Bill Dolan},
  title = {Collaborative Quest Completion with {LLM}-Driven Non-Player Characters in {Minecraft}},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.03460},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.03460},
  note = {Wordplay @ ACL 2024}
}

@article{hafnar2025zeroshot,
  author = {Davor Hafnar and Jure Dem{\v{s}}ar},
  title = {Zero-Shot Reasoning: Personalized Content Generation Without the Cold Start Problem},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Games},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {257--266},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1109/TG.2024.3421590},
  eprint = {2402.10133},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv}
}

@article{hsu2026doubleedged,
  author = {Ting-Chen Hsu and Wenran Chen and Jiangxu Lin and Fei Qin and Zheyuan Zhang},
  title = {The Double-Edged Sword of Open-Ended Interaction: How {LLM}-Driven {NPC}s Affect Players' Cognitive Load and Gaming Experience},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.10107},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10107}
}

@article{po2026multigen,
  author = {Ryan Po and David Junhao Zhang and Amir Hertz and Gordon Wetzstein and Neal Wadhwa and Nataniel Ruiz},
  title = {{MultiGen}: Level-Design for Editable Multiplayer Worlds in Diffusion Game Engines},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.06679},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.06679}
}

@inproceedings{earle2025dreamgarden,
  author = {Sam Earle and Samyak Parajuli and Andrzej Banburski-Fahey},
  title = {{DreamGarden}: A Designer Assistant for Growing Games from a Single Prompt},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  series = {{CHI} '25},
  pages = {1--19},
  publisher = {ACM},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1145/3706598.3714233},
  eprint = {2410.01791},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv}
}

@article{la2026gameenginebench,
  author = {Brian La and Sejoon Chang and Ben Kim and Junyoung Bae and Aamish Ahmad Beg and Sei Chang and Gonzalo Gonzalez-Pumariega and Kanav Goyal},
  title = {{GameEngineBench}: Evaluating Coding Agents on Real {C++} Runtime Environments},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.03525},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.03525}
}

@article{huang2025word2minecraft,
  author = {Shuo Huang and Muhammad Umair Nasir and Steven James and Julian Togelius},
  title = {{Word2Minecraft}: Generating {3D} Game Levels through Large Language Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16536},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.16536}
}

@article{zhou2025story2game,
  author = {Eric Zhou and Shreyas Basavatia and Moontashir Siam and Zexin Chen and Mark O. Riedl},
  title = {{STORY2GAME}: Generating (Almost) Everything in an Interactive Fiction Game},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.03547},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03547}
}

@inproceedings{songtang-etal-2025-unrealllm,
  author = {Song Tang and Kaiyong Zhao and Lei Wang and Yuliang Li and Xuebo Liu and Junyi Zou and Qiang Wang and Xiaowen Chu},
  title = {{UnrealLLM}: Towards Highly Controllable and Interactable {3D} Scene Generation by {LLM}-powered Procedural Content Generation},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {ACL} 2025},
  pages = {19417--19435},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.994},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.994/}
}

@inproceedings{xu2025database3d,
  author = {Kaijie Xu and Clark Verbrugge},
  title = {A Database-Driven Framework for {3D} Level Generation with {LLM}s},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {367--376},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1609/aiide.v21i1.36840}
}

@article{zhang2026webgamebench,
  author = {Wenyu Zhang and Guoliang You and Tianlun and Haotian Zhao and Tianshu Zhu and Haoran Wang and Xiaoxuan Tang and Mingyang Dai and Jingnan Gu and Daxiang Dong and Jianmin Wu},
  title = {{WebGameBench}: Requirement-to-Application Evaluation for Coding Agents via Browser-Native Games},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.17637},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17637}
}

@inproceedings{yin2026autoue,
  author = {Lei Yin and Wentao Cheng and Zhida Qin and Tianyu Huang and Yidong Li and Gangyi Ding},
  title = {{AutoUE}: Automated Generation of {3D} Games in {Unreal Engine} via Multi-Agent Systems},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: {ACL} 2026},
  pages = {2341--2364},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.111},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.111/}
}

@inproceedings{jimenez2024swebench,
  author = {Carlos E. Jimenez and John Yang and Alexander Wettig and Shunyu Yao and Kexin Pei and Ofir Press and Karthik R. Narasimhan},
  title = {{SWE-bench}: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World {GitHub} Issues?},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://proceedings.iclr.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/edac78c3e300629acfe6cbe9ca88fb84-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@inproceedings{yang2024sweagent,
  author = {John Yang and Carlos E. Jimenez and Alexander Wettig and Kilian Lieret and Shunyu Yao and Karthik Narasimhan and Ofir Press},
  title = {{SWE-agent}: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineering},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {37},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.52202/079017-1601},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/5a7c947568c1b1328ccc5230172e1e7c-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@article{jiang2026opengame,
  author = {Yilei Jiang and Jinyuan Hu and Qianyin Xiao and others},
  title = {{OpenGame}: Open Agentic Coding for Games},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.18394},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.18394}
}

@article{huang2026guigames,
  author = {Yixu Huang and Bo Li and Na Li and others},
  title = {{GUI} Agents for Continual Game Generation},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.28258},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28258}
}

@article{luo2026gamecraft,
  author = {Tongxu Luo and Rongsheng Wang and Jiaxi Bi and others},
  title = {{GameCraft-Bench}: Can Agents Build Playable Games End-to-End in a Real Game Engine?},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.17861},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.17861}
}

@article{lu2026personalized,
  author = {Yifan Lu and Xiaopeng Yuan and Haohan Wang},
  title = {Beyond Asking: A Pipeline for Personalized Game Generation That Reads Players from Behavior},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.16196},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16196}
}

@inproceedings{fang2026iworldbench,
  author = {Jianjie Fang and Yingshan Lei and Qin Wan and Ziyou Wang and Yuchao Huang and Yongyan Xu and Baining Zhao and Weichen Zhang and Chen Gao and Xinlei Chen and Yong Li},
  title = {{iWorld-Bench}: A Benchmark for Interactive World Models with a Unified Action Generation Framework},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2605.03941},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.03941}
}

@article{yang2026worldexam,
  author = {Yuxue Yang and Shuyao Shang and Jiahe Wang and others},
  title = {{WorldExam}: Benchmarking World Models from Apparent Appearance to Inherent Reactivity},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.02603},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.02603}
}

@article{ouyang2026gameworld,
  author = {Mingyu Ouyang and Siyuan Hu and Kevin Qinghong Lin and Hwee Tou Ng and Mike Zheng Shou},
  title = {{GameWorld}: Towards Standardized and Verifiable Evaluation of Multimodal Game Agents},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.07429},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07429}
}

@article{zhang2025videogamebench,
  author = {Alex L. Zhang and Thomas L. Griffiths and Karthik R. Narasimhan and Ofir Press},
  title = {{VideoGameBench}: Can Vision-Language Models Complete Popular Video Games?},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.18134},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.18134}
}

@article{li2025textatari,
  author = {Wenhao Li and Wenwu Li and Chuyun Shen and others},
  title = {{TextAtari}: {100K} Frames Game Playing with Language Agents},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.04098},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04098}
}

@inproceedings{park2025orak,
  author = {Dongmin Park and Minkyu Kim and Beongjun Choi and Junhyuck Kim and Keon Lee and Jonghyun Lee and Inkyu Park and Byeong-Uk Lee and Jaeyoung Hwang and Jaewoo Ahn and Ameya S. Mahabaleshwarkar and Bilal Kartal and Pritam Biswas and Yoshi Suhara and Kangwook Lee and Jaewoong Cho},
  title = {{Orak}: A Foundational Benchmark for Training and Evaluating {LLM} Agents on Diverse Video Games},
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@inproceedings{cai2024rocket1,
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@inproceedings{zhu2023calypso,
  author = {Andrew Zhu and Lara J. Martin and Andrew Head and Chris Callison-Burch},
  title = {{CALYPSO}: {LLM}s as Dungeon Masters' Assistants},
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@inproceedings{peng2024emergence,
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  title = {Player-Driven Emergence in {LLM}-Driven Game Narrative},
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  publisher = {IEEE},
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@inproceedings{emmerich2018companions,
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@article{chu2026agenticworld,
  author = {Meng Chu and Xuan Billy Zhang and Kevin Qinghong Lin and others},
  title = {Agentic World Modeling: Foundations, Capabilities, Laws, and Beyond},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.22748},
  year = {2026},
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}

@article{jia2026gamegenverifier,
  author = {Chaobo Jia and Ruipeng Wan and Ting Sun and Weihao Tan and Borui Wan and Yuxuan Tong and Guangming Sheng and Hong Xu},
  title = {{GameGen-Verifier}: Parallel Keypoint-Based Verification for {LLM}-Generated Games via Runtime State Injection},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.07442},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.07442}
}

@article{hu2025agent2world,
  author = {Mengkang Hu and Bowei Xia and Yuran Wu and Ailing Yu and Yude Zou and Qiguang Chen and Shijian Wang and Jiarui Jin and Kexin Li and Wenxiang Jiao and Yuan Lu and Ping Luo},
  title = {{Agent2World}: Learning to Generate Symbolic World Models via Adaptive Multi-Agent Feedback},
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  year = {2025},
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}

@article{serapio2026gamecwm,
  author = {Tyrone Serapio and Arjun Prakash and Haoyang Xu and Kevin Wang and Amy Greenwald},
  title = {Distilling Game Code World Model Generation into Lightweight Large Language Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.24375},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.24375}
}

@article{liu2026mage,
  author = {Hugh Xuechen Liu and K{\i}van{\c{c}} Tatar},
  title = {{Mage}: Multi-Axis Evaluation of {LLM}-Generated Executable Game Scenes Beyond Compile-Pass Rate},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.07342},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.07342}
}

@article{tong2026scope,
  author = {Zizhao Tong and Yeying Jin and Hongfeng Lai and Zeqing Wang and Zhaohu Xing and Kexu Cheng and Haoran Xu and Zhao Pu and Shangwen Zhu and Ruili Feng and Jian Zhao and Yan Zhang and Hao Tang and Ling Shao},
  title = {{SCOPE}: Simulating Cross-Game Operations in Playable Environments for {FPS} World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.23345},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23345}
}

@article{chen2026gamexpert,
  author = {Kun Chen and Haorong Hong and Peizhong Gao and Jianfeng Lin and Tongxu Luo and Yuxuan Xie and Chenxu Liu and Jieling He and Zhongyuan Liu and Zeno Zeng},
  title = {{GameXpert-Bench}: How Far Are Coding Agents from Expert Game Development?},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.21833},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21833}
}

@article{shen2026game2world,
  author = {Wenxuan Shen and Dongna Jin and Dongping Chen},
  title = {{Game2World Engine}: Unlocking In-the-Wild Gameplay Videos for World Model Training},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.24680},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24680}
}

@article{zhou2026trajectory,
  author = {Pengfei Zhou and Hexin Wang and Zhengfeiyang Zhang and Yixing Ma and Zhenglin Wan and Kaipeng Zhang and Wangbo Zhao and Yang You},
  title = {Agentic Game Development as a Verifiable Trajectory Data Engine for Scaling World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.25518},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.25518}
}

@inproceedings{che2024gamegenx,
  author = {Haoxuan Che and Xuanhua He and Quande Liu and Cheng Jin and Hao Chen},
  title = {{GameGen-X}: Interactive Open-World Game Video Generation},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2411.00769},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.00769}
}

@article{tang2025hgc2,
  author = {Junshu Tang and Jiacheng Liu and Jiaqi Li and Longhuang Wu and Haoyu Yang and Penghao Zhao and Siruis Gong and Xiang Yuan and Shuai Shao and Linfeng Zhang and Qinglin Lu},
  title = {{Hunyuan-GameCraft-2}: Instruction-Following Interactive Game World Model},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.23429},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.23429}
}

@article{gao2026lingbot,
  author = {{Robbyant Team} and Zelin Gao and Qiuyu Wang and Yanhong Zeng and Jiapeng Zhu and Ka Leong Cheng and Yixuan Li and Hanlin Wang and Yinghao Xu and Shuailei Ma and Yihang Chen and Jie Liu and Yansong Cheng and Yao Yao and Jiayi Zhu and Yihao Meng and Kecheng Zheng and Qingyan Bai and Jingye Chen and Zehong Shen and Yue Yu and Xing Zhu and Yujun Shen and Hao Ouyang},
  title = {Advancing Open-Source World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.20540},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.20540}
}

@article{xiong2026actworld,
  author = {Zhexiao Xiong and Yizhi Song and Hao Kang and Qing Yan and Liming Jiang and Jenson Yang and Zhoujie Fu and Stathi Fotiadis and Angtian Wang and Zichuan Liu and Bo Liu and Yiding Yang and Xin Lu and Nathan Jacobs},
  title = {{ActWorld}: From Explorable to Interactive World Model via Action-Aware Memory},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.17730},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.17730}
}

@inproceedings{shi2026fairgamer,
  author = {Bingkang Shi and Jen-tse Huang and Luo Long and Tianyu Zong and Hongzhu Yi and Yuanxiang Wang and Songlin Hu and Xiaodan Zhang and Zhongjiang Yao},
  title = {{FAIRGAMER}: Evaluating Social Biases in {LLM}-Based Video Game {NPC}s},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  pages = {43530--43552},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.2015},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.2015/}
}

@inproceedings{xu2026cascade,
  author = {Yizhi Xu},
  title = {{CASCADE}: A Cascading Architecture for Social Coordination with Controllable Emergence at Low Cost},
  booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
  pages = {149:1--149:5},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3772363.3798700},
  eprint = {2604.03091},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03091}
}

@article{tang2025maia4all,
  author = {Zhenwei Tang and Difan Jiao and Eric Xue and Reid McIlroy-Young and Jon Kleinberg and Siddhartha Sen and Ashton Anderson},
  title = {Learning to Imitate with Less: Efficient Individual Behavior Modeling in Chess},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2507.21488},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://openreview.net/forum?id=iw4kjcw319}
}

@article{hong2026pcsp,
  author = {Yoosung Hong},
  title = {One Policy, Infinite {NPCs}: Persona-Traceable Shared {RL} Policies for Scalable Game Agents},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.23652},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.23652}
}

@article{geheeb2026spine,
  author = {Julian Geheeb and Marvin Julian Schwarz and Daniel Dyrda and Georg Groh},
  title = {{LLMs} are the Ideal Candidate for Mixed-Initiative Game Design Pillar Workflows},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.09767},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09767}
}

@inproceedings{cook2025pixie,
  author = {Michael Cook},
  title = {Pixie: Code-Level Mechanic Generation for Game Designers},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {206--215},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1609/aiide.v21i1.36824},
  url = {https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AIIDE/article/view/36824}
}

@article{sun2026jamer,
  author = {Jianwen Sun and Chuanhao Li and Zizhen Li and Yukang Feng and Fanrui Zhang and Yifei Huang and Yu Dai and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{JAMER}: Project-Level Code Framework Dataset and Benchmark on Professional Game Engines},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.19830},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19830}
}

@article{peng2026playcoder,
  author = {Zhiyuan Peng and Wei Tao and Xin Yin and Chenhao Ying and Yuan Luo and Yiwen Guo},
  title = {{PlayCoder}: Making {LLM}-Generated {GUI} Code Playable},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.19742},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19742}
}

@inproceedings{adaikkappan2026ca2,
  author = {Valliappan Chidambaram Adaikkappan and Vincent Martineau and Joshua Romoff and David Meger},
  title = {{CA2}: Code-Aware Agent for Automated Game Testing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {318},
  pages = {89--102},
  publisher = {PMLR},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v318/adaikkappan26a.html}
}

@inproceedings{panickssery2024selfpreference,
  author = {Arjun Panickssery and Samuel R. Bowman and Shi Feng},
  title = {{LLM} Evaluators Recognize and Favor Their Own Generations},
  booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume = {37},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.52202/079017-2197},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/7f1f0218e45f5414c79c0679633e47bc-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@article{zhao2026worldolympiad,
  author = {Yuke Zhao and Wangbo Zhao and Weijie Wang and Zeyu Zhang and Dakai An and Akide Liu and Yinghao Yu and Jiasheng Tang and Fan Wang and Wei Wang and Bohan Zhuang},
  title = {{WorldOlympiad}: Can Your World Model Survive a Triathlon?},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.11129},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.11129}
}

@misc{parkerholder2024genie2,
  author = {Jack Parker-Holder and Philip Ball and Jake Bruce and others},
  title = {Genie 2: A Large-Scale Foundation World Model},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Google DeepMind technical announcement},
  url = {https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-2-a-large-scale-foundation-world-model/}
}

@misc{parkerholder2025genie3,
  author = {Jack Parker-Holder and Shlomi Fruchter},
  title = {Genie 3: A New Frontier for World Models},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Google DeepMind technical announcement},
  url = {https://deepmind.google/blog/genie-3-a-new-frontier-for-world-models/}
}

@article{deng2026worldminddecoupledgameworld,
  author = {Zhiyang Deng and Boran Zhang and Danze Chen and Yeying Jin},
  title = {{WorldMind}: Decoupled Game World Model for State-Aware {NPC} Behavior},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.21439},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21439}
}

@article{lin2026stateplaystateawaregameworld,
  author = {Zijun Lin and Zeqing Wang and Cheston Tan and Bihan Wen and Yeying Jin},
  title = {{StatePlay}: State-Aware Game World Models for Mechanics-Consistent Generation},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.26754},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.26754}
}

@article{wang2026reactivegwmsteeringnpcreactive,
  author = {Zeqing Wang and Danze Chen and Zhaohu Xing and Zizhao Tong and Yinhan Zhang and Xingyi Yang and Yeying Jin},
  title = {{ReactiveGWM}: Steering {NPC} in Reactive Game World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.15256},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15256}
}

@article{zhu2026incantationnaturallanguageaction,
  author = {Shangwen Zhu and Qianyu Peng and Zhao Pu and Zhilei Shu and Xiangrui Ke and Zhaohu Xing and Zizhao Tong and Zeqing Wang and Xinyu Cui and Zian Zheng and Huangji Wang and Jian Zhao and Yeying Jin and Fan Cheng and Ruili Feng},
  title = {{Incantation}: Natural Language as the Action Interface for Multi-Entity Video World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.18601},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.18601},
  note = {Version 2, revised July 12, 2026}
}

@article{dreamxteam2026dreamxworld10generalpurposeinteractive,
  author = {{DreamX Team} and Yancheng Bai and Rui Chen and Xiangxiang Chu and Rujing Dang and Hao Dou and Bingjie Gao and Qiwen Gu and Siyu Hong and Jiachen Lei and Geng Li and Jifan Li and Ruimin Lin and Qingfeng Shi and Bingze Song and Lei Sun and Jing Tang and Ruitian Tian and Jun Wang and Jiahong Wu and Pengfei Zhang and Shen Zhang and Jiashu Zhu},
  title = {{DreamX-World 1.0}: A General-Purpose Interactive World Model},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.16993},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.16993}
}

@article{meng2026marionettepredictingworldstates,
  author = {Zian Meng and Zhen Li and Chuanhao Li and Qiang Li and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {Marionette: Predicting World States, Rendering Geometry, Painting Appearance},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.14530},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.14530}
}

@article{xu2026worldroambenchopenworldbenchmarklonghorizon,
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}

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@inproceedings{gray2021player,
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@article{cai2025mixture,
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@article{zhang2025frame,
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@article{makantasis2021pixels,
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@article{goel2024label,
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@article{zhu2021player,
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@article{helff2026llms,
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  title = {{ChatGPT4PCG Competition: Character-like Level Generation for Science Birds}},
  booktitle = {2023 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)},
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  title = {{ChatGPT4PCG 2 Competition: Prompt Engineering for Science Birds Level Generation}},
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  title = {{ScriptDoctor: Automatic Generation of PuzzleScript Games via Large Language Models and Tree Search}},
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@misc{earle2025puzzlejax,
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  title = {{PuzzleJAX: A Benchmark for Reasoning and Learning}},
  year = {2025},
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@misc{baek2026multiverse,
  author = {Baek, In-Chang and Jung, Jiyun and Hwang, Geum-Hwan and Kim, Sung-Hyun and Kim, Kyung-Joong},
  title = {{Multiverse: Language-Conditioned Multi-Game Level Blending via Shared Representation}},
  year = {2026},
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@misc{zhu2023gitm,
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  title = {{Ghost in the Minecraft: Generally Capable Agents for Open-World Environments via Large Language Models with Text-based Knowledge and Memory}},
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  booktitle = {2025 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)},
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@misc{lin2026omnigamearena,
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  title = {{OmniGameArena: A Unified UE5 Benchmark for VLM Game Agents with Improvement Dynamics}},
  year = {2026},
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@misc{yang2024playgen,
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@misc{vezhnevets2025concordia,
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  title = {{Multi-Actor Generative Artificial Intelligence as a Game Engine}},
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  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024},
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@inproceedings{vanstegeren2021quests,
  author = {van Stegeren, Judith and My{\'s}liwiec, Jakub},
  title = {{Fine-tuning GPT-2 on annotated RPG quests for NPC dialogue generation}},
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@inproceedings{ashby2023quests,
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  author = {Roso, Nikolina and Srebot, Sara and Marku{\v{s}}, Nenad and Su{\v{z}}njevi{\'c}, Mirko},
  title = {{When NPCs take their time: Token latency effects in LLM-driven game conversations}},
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@article{yin2026contextualized,
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  title = {{How contextualized generative AI shapes player experience in games}},
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@article{wurman2022sophy,
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  title = {{Outracing champion Gran Turismo drivers with deep reinforcement learning}},
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@misc{llms4pcg2025,
  author = {{LLMs4PCG Team}},
  title = {{LLMs4PCG 2025: Competition Rules and Evaluation Platform}},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://chatgpt4pcg.github.io/2025-llms4pcg/},
  note = {Official competition documentation}
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@misc{latitude2026aidungeon,
  author = {{Latitude}},
  title = {{AI Dungeon: Product Overview}},
  year = {2026},
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@misc{epic2025vader,
  author = {{Epic Games}},
  title = {{This Will Be a Day Long Remembered: Speak with Darth Vader in Fortnite}},
  year = {2025},
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@misc{gamecraft2026results,
  author = {{GameCraft-Bench Team}},
  title = {{GameCraft-Bench}: Official Updated Results},
  year = {2026},
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@misc{arcprize2026benchmark,
  author = {{ARC Prize Foundation}},
  title = {{ARC-AGI-3}: A New Challenge for Frontier Agentic Intelligence},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.24621},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.24621v2}
}

@misc{arcprize2026astra,
  author = {{ARC Prize Foundation}},
  title = {{GPT-6 Astra}: Verified {ARC-AGI} Results},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Official benchmark results},
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@misc{arcprize2026opus,
  author = {{ARC Prize Foundation}},
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  year = {2026},
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@misc{arcprize2026gpt56,
  author = {{ARC Prize Foundation}},
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  year = {2026},
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@misc{arcprize2026grok46,
  author = {{ARC Prize Foundation}},
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@misc{arcprize2026grok45,
  author = {{ARC Prize Foundation}},
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@misc{polyphony2025sophy21,
  author = {{Polyphony Digital}},
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@article{unterthiner2018fvd,
  author = {Thomas Unterthiner and Sjoerd van Steenkiste and Karol Kurach and Raphael Marinier and Marcin Michalski and Sylvain Gelly},
  title = {Towards Accurate Generative Models of Video: A New Metric \& Challenges},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.01717},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.01717v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@article{li2026wildworld,
  author = {Zhen Li and Zian Meng and Shuwei Shi and Wenshuo Peng and Yuwei Wu and Bo Zheng and Chuanhao Li and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{WildWorld}: A Large-Scale Dataset for Dynamic World Modeling with Actions and Explicit State toward Generative {ARPG}},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.23497},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23497}
}

@article{huang2026worldrenderer,
  author = {Zheng-Hui Huang and Zhixiang Wang and Jiaming Tan and Ruihan Yu and Yidan Zhang and Bo Zheng and Yu-Lun Liu and Yung-Yu Chuang and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {Generative World Renderer},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.02329},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02329v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@article{lin2026rendererflash,
  author = {Guixu Lin and Zheng-Hui Huang and Siqi Yang and Ming-Hsuan Yang and Kaipeng Zhang and Zhixiang Wang},
  title = {Generative World Renderer at the Speed of Play},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.18703},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.18703v1},
  note = {Version 1; AlayaRenderer-Flash}
}

@article{xu2026worldmark,
  author = {Xiaojie Xu and Zhengyuan Lin and Kang He and Yukang Feng and Xiaofeng Mao and Yuanyang Yin and Yongtao Ge and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{WorldMark}: A Unified Benchmark Suite for Interactive Video World Models},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.21686},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.21686v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@article{li2026autobg,
  author = {Zizhen Li and Chuanhao Li and Yibin Wang and Jianwen Sun and Yukang Feng and Fanrui Zhang and Mingzhu Sun and Yifei Huang and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{AutoBG}: A Board Game Design Assistant with Interactive Ideation, Iterative Rulebook Generation, and Individualized Feedback},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2606.01976},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.01976v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@article{cheng2026agenticsts,
  author = {Xiangchen Cheng and Yunwei Jiang and Jianwen Sun and Zizhen Li and Chuanhao Li and Xiangcheng Cao and Yihao Liu and Fanrui Zhang and Li Jin and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{AgenticSTS}: A Bounded-Memory Testbed for Long-Horizon {LLM} Agents},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.02255},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02255v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@article{cao2026shadowdancer,
  author = {Jin Cao and Zian Meng and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{ShadowDancer}: Teaching Video World Models Any Action by Learning Unified Dynamics Representations from a Video and Its Shadow},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.28362},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.28362}
}

@article{cai2026mass,
  author = {Ziqi Cai and Siqi Yang and Yimu Wang and Zixian Gao and Yunheng Liu and Shuchen Weng and Erwin Wu and Kaipeng Zhang and Boxin Shi},
  title = {{MASS}: Multiplayer World Models with Authoritative Shared State},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.06257},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.06257v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@article{xu2026worldrover,
  author = {Xiaojie Xu and Zhengyuan Lin and Runyi Li and Yihao Liu and Kaipeng Zhang and Yongtao Ge},
  title = {{WorldRover}: A Scalable Synthetic Video Data Engine for World Exploration with Rich Annotations},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.15659},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.15659v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@article{niu2026worldsculpt,
  author = {Muyao Niu and Jixuan He and Ruihan Yu and Lian Fu and Yonghao Yu and Zheng-Hui Huang and Yifan Zhan and Fengbo Lan and Yongtao Ge and Yinqiang Zheng and Kaipeng Zhang and Zhixiang Wang},
  title = {{WorldSculpt}: Generating Compositional Worlds from Grounded Videos},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2609.05416},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05416v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@article{huang2026programmable,
  author = {Zheng-Hui Huang and Guixu Lin and Jiacheng Lin and Yi-Chuan Huang and Ruihan Yu and Muyao Niu and Siqi Yang and Yu-Lun Liu and Yung-Yu Chuang and Kaipeng Zhang and Zhixiang Wang},
  title = {Programmable World Model},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2609.10540},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10540v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@article{mao2025yume15,
  author = {Xiaofeng Mao and Zhen Li and Chuanhao Li and Xiaojie Xu and Kaining Ying and Tong He and Jiangmiao Pang and Yu Qiao and Kaipeng Zhang},
  title = {{Yume-1.5}: A Text-Controlled Interactive World Generation Model},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.22096},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22096}
}

@article{zhu2026cubepart,
  author = {Yiheng Zhu and Kangle Deng and Jean-Philippe Fauconnier and Inaki Navarro and Daiqing Li and Ava Pun and Yinan Zhang and Peiye Zhuang and Xiaoxia Sun and Maneesh Agrawala and Kiran Bhat and Tinghui Zhou},
  title = {{CubePart}: An Open-Vocabulary Part-Controllable {3D} Generator},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.28763},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28763v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@article{alayaworld2026full,
  author = {{AlayaWorld Team}},
  title = {{AlayaWorld}: Interactive Long-Horizon World Modeling---Full Technical Report (v1.1)},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.13492},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.13492v1},
  note = {Version 1}
}

@article{yin2026evoke,
  author = {Yuanyang Yin and Gongxuan Wang and Yifan Zhan and Chuanhao Li and Kaipeng Zhang and Feng Zhao},
  title = {{Alaya-EVOKE}: From Linear-Scaling Supervision to Endless World},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.13546},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.13546v2},
  note = {Version 2}
}

@misc{nvidia2024mechabreak,
  author = {{NVIDIA}},
  title = {{NVIDIA ACE} \& Digital Human Technologies Showcased In First Game, {Mecha BREAK}},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Official technology demonstration},
  url = {https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/mecha-break-nvidia-ace-nims-rtx-pc-laptop-games-apps/},
  note = {Accessed 14 September 2026}
}

@misc{nvidia2025audio2faceplugin,
  author = {{NVIDIA}},
  title = {{Audio2Face-3D}: {ACE Unreal Plugin}},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Developer documentation},
  url = {https://docs.nvidia.com/ace/latest/workflows/kairos/ace-unreal-plugin-audio2face.html},
  note = {Accessed 14 September 2026}
}

% Public catalog-only works not in the current manuscript bibliography.

@misc{qiao2026valerant,
  author = {Yiran Qiao and Feng Wang and Jing Ma},
  title = {{Valerant}: An Automatic Navigable Game Map Generator via Action-Conditioned World Model Exploration},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  eprint = {2609.09418},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.AI},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09418}
}

@misc{truong2026playtrain,
  author = {Ryan Truong and Lance Ying and Samuel J. Gershman and Kazuki Irie},
  title = {{PlayTrain}: An Efficient Reinforcement Learning Framework for {LLM}-Generated Adaptable {JavaScript} Games},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  eprint = {2609.09059},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.LG},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09059}
}

@misc{hwang2026marbo,
  author = {Hwang, Yechan and Bae, Sangjun and Kim, Jeongmo and Bang, Sangwoo and Han, Seungyul},
  title = {{MARBO}: Relational Belief Grounding for {LLM} Agents in Social Deduction Games},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  eprint = {2609.06563},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.AI},
  howpublished = {EMNLP 2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06563}
}

@misc{mineamongus2026,
  author = {Jaewoo Ahn and Junseo Kim and Hyunseo Kim and Heeseung Yun and Jaehyeon Son and Zsolt Kira and Gunhee Kim},
  title = {Lies We Can See: Joint Verbal and Non-Verbal Deception by {VLM} Agents in Embodied Social Interactions},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  eprint = {2608.30428},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.CL},
  howpublished = {Workshop on Agent Behavior at COLM 2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.30428}
}

@misc{guo2026gamewam,
  author = {Yuncheng Guo and Zhanqiu Zhang and Yiwen Guo and Weijia Li},
  title = {{GameWAM}: A World Action Model for Video Games},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  eprint = {2608.26200},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.AI},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.26200}
}

@inproceedings{choi2026d2e,
  author = {Suhwan Choi and Jaeyoon Jung and Haebin Seong and Minchan Kim and Minyeong Kim and Yongjun Cho and Yoonshik Kim and Yubeen Park and Youngjae Yu and Yunsung Lee},
  title = {{D2E}: Scaling Vision-Action Pretraining on Desktop Data for Transfer to Embodied {AI}},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2510.05684},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.AI},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.05684}
}

@inproceedings{tong2026gamerl,
  author = {Jingqi Tong and Jixin Tang and Hangcheng Li and Yurong Mou and Ming Zhang and Jun Zhao and Yanbo Wen and Fan Song and Jiahao Zhan and Yuyang Lu and Chaoran Tao and Zhiyuan Guo and Jizhou Yu and Tianhao Cheng and Zhiheng Xi and Changhao Jiang and Zhangyue Yin and Yining Zheng and Weifeng Ge and Guanhua Chen and Tao Gui and Xipeng Qiu and Qi Zhang and Xuanjing Huang},
  title = {{Game-RL}: Synthesizing Multimodal Verifiable Game Data to Boost {VLMs}' General Reasoning},
  booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2505.13886},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.AI},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13886}
}

@misc{kang2026simworldstudio,
  author = {Haoqiang Kang and Xiaokang Ye and Yuhan Liu and Siddhant Hitesh Mantri and Lingjun Mao and James Fleming and Drishti Regmi and Lianhui Qin},
  title = {{SimWorld Studio}: Automatic Environment Generation with Evolving Coding Agent for Embodied Agent Learning},
  year = {2026},
  month = may,
  eprint = {2605.09423},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass = {cs.AI},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09423}
}